errors-2.3.0: Simplified error-handling
Safe HaskellSafe-Inferred
LanguageHaskell98

Control.Error

Contents

Description

Import this module in your code to access the entire library's functionality:

import Control.Error

This module exports the entire library as well as useful exports from other standard error-handling libraries:

  • Control.Error.Safe: Generalizes the safe library, including Either, EitherT, and MonadPlus variations on total functions
  • Control.Error.Script: Support for simple scripts that catch all errors and transform them to Text
  • Control.Error.Util: Utility functions and conversions between common error-handling types
  • Control.Monad.Trans.Except: The ExceptT monad transformer
  • Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe: The MaybeT monad transformer
  • Data.Either: Either utility functions
  • Data.EitherR: throw and catch functions, and their corresponding "success" monads
  • Data.Maybe: Maybe utility functions
  • Safe: Total versions of partial Prelude functions

This module does not re-export partial functions from other libraries.

Synopsis

Re-exports

newtype ExceptT e (m :: Type -> Type) a #

A monad transformer that adds exceptions to other monads.

ExceptT constructs a monad parameterized over two things:

  • e - The exception type.
  • m - The inner monad.

The return function yields a computation that produces the given value, while >>= sequences two subcomputations, exiting on the first exception.

Constructors

ExceptT (m (Either e a)) 

Instances

Instances details
Functor m => Generic1 (ExceptT e m :: Type -> Type) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Associated Types

type Rep1 (ExceptT e m) :: k -> Type #

Methods

from1 :: forall (a :: k). ExceptT e m a -> Rep1 (ExceptT e m) a #

to1 :: forall (a :: k). Rep1 (ExceptT e m) a -> ExceptT e m a #

MonadTrans (ExceptT e) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

lift :: Monad m => m a -> ExceptT e m a #

MonadFail m => MonadFail (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

fail :: String -> ExceptT e m a #

MonadFix m => MonadFix (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

mfix :: (a -> ExceptT e m a) -> ExceptT e m a #

MonadIO m => MonadIO (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> ExceptT e m a #

MonadZip m => MonadZip (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

mzip :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m b -> ExceptT e m (a, b) #

mzipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m b -> ExceptT e m c #

munzip :: ExceptT e m (a, b) -> (ExceptT e m a, ExceptT e m b) #

Foldable f => Foldable (ExceptT e f) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

fold :: Monoid m => ExceptT e f m -> m #

foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> ExceptT e f a -> m #

foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> ExceptT e f a -> m #

foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> ExceptT e f a -> b #

foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> ExceptT e f a -> b #

foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> ExceptT e f a -> b #

foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> ExceptT e f a -> b #

foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> ExceptT e f a -> a #

foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> ExceptT e f a -> a #

toList :: ExceptT e f a -> [a] #

null :: ExceptT e f a -> Bool #

length :: ExceptT e f a -> Int #

elem :: Eq a => a -> ExceptT e f a -> Bool #

maximum :: Ord a => ExceptT e f a -> a #

minimum :: Ord a => ExceptT e f a -> a #

sum :: Num a => ExceptT e f a -> a #

product :: Num a => ExceptT e f a -> a #

(Eq e, Eq1 m) => Eq1 (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

liftEq :: (a -> b -> Bool) -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m b -> Bool #

(Ord e, Ord1 m) => Ord1 (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

liftCompare :: (a -> b -> Ordering) -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m b -> Ordering #

(Read e, Read1 m) => Read1 (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

liftReadsPrec :: (Int -> ReadS a) -> ReadS [a] -> Int -> ReadS (ExceptT e m a) #

liftReadList :: (Int -> ReadS a) -> ReadS [a] -> ReadS [ExceptT e m a] #

liftReadPrec :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec [a] -> ReadPrec (ExceptT e m a) #

liftReadListPrec :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec [a] -> ReadPrec [ExceptT e m a] #

(Show e, Show1 m) => Show1 (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

liftShowsPrec :: (Int -> a -> ShowS) -> ([a] -> ShowS) -> Int -> ExceptT e m a -> ShowS #

liftShowList :: (Int -> a -> ShowS) -> ([a] -> ShowS) -> [ExceptT e m a] -> ShowS #

Contravariant m => Contravariant (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

contramap :: (a' -> a) -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a' #

(>$) :: b -> ExceptT e m b -> ExceptT e m a #

Traversable f => Traversable (ExceptT e f) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

traverse :: Applicative f0 => (a -> f0 b) -> ExceptT e f a -> f0 (ExceptT e f b) #

sequenceA :: Applicative f0 => ExceptT e f (f0 a) -> f0 (ExceptT e f a) #

mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> ExceptT e f a -> m (ExceptT e f b) #

sequence :: Monad m => ExceptT e f (m a) -> m (ExceptT e f a) #

(Functor m, Monad m, Monoid e) => Alternative (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

empty :: ExceptT e m a #

(<|>) :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a #

some :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m [a] #

many :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m [a] #

(Functor m, Monad m) => Applicative (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

pure :: a -> ExceptT e m a #

(<*>) :: ExceptT e m (a -> b) -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m b -> ExceptT e m c #

(*>) :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m b -> ExceptT e m b #

(<*) :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m b -> ExceptT e m a #

Functor m => Functor (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

fmap :: (a -> b) -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m b #

(<$) :: a -> ExceptT e m b -> ExceptT e m a #

Monad m => Monad (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

(>>=) :: ExceptT e m a -> (a -> ExceptT e m b) -> ExceptT e m b #

(>>) :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m b -> ExceptT e m b #

return :: a -> ExceptT e m a #

(Monad m, Monoid e) => MonadPlus (ExceptT e m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

mzero :: ExceptT e m a #

mplus :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a #

MonadCatch m => MonadCatch (ExceptT e m)

Catches exceptions from the base monad.

Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Catch

Methods

catch :: (HasCallStack, Exception e0) => ExceptT e m a -> (e0 -> ExceptT e m a) -> ExceptT e m a #

MonadMask m => MonadMask (ExceptT e m)

Since: exceptions-0.9.0

Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Catch

Methods

mask :: HasCallStack => ((forall a. ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a) -> ExceptT e m b) -> ExceptT e m b #

uninterruptibleMask :: HasCallStack => ((forall a. ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a) -> ExceptT e m b) -> ExceptT e m b #

generalBracket :: HasCallStack => ExceptT e m a -> (a -> ExitCase b -> ExceptT e m c) -> (a -> ExceptT e m b) -> ExceptT e m (b, c) #

MonadThrow m => MonadThrow (ExceptT e m)

Throws exceptions into the base monad.

Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Catch

Methods

throwM :: (HasCallStack, Exception e0) => e0 -> ExceptT e m a #

Generic (ExceptT e m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Associated Types

type Rep (ExceptT e m a) :: Type -> Type #

Methods

from :: ExceptT e m a -> Rep (ExceptT e m a) x #

to :: Rep (ExceptT e m a) x -> ExceptT e m a #

(Read e, Read1 m, Read a) => Read (ExceptT e m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

readsPrec :: Int -> ReadS (ExceptT e m a) #

readList :: ReadS [ExceptT e m a] #

readPrec :: ReadPrec (ExceptT e m a) #

readListPrec :: ReadPrec [ExceptT e m a] #

(Show e, Show1 m, Show a) => Show (ExceptT e m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

showsPrec :: Int -> ExceptT e m a -> ShowS #

show :: ExceptT e m a -> String #

showList :: [ExceptT e m a] -> ShowS #

(Eq e, Eq1 m, Eq a) => Eq (ExceptT e m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

(==) :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> Bool #

(/=) :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> Bool #

(Ord e, Ord1 m, Ord a) => Ord (ExceptT e m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

compare :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> Ordering #

(<) :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> Bool #

(<=) :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> Bool #

(>) :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> Bool #

(>=) :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> Bool #

max :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a #

min :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a #

type Rep1 (ExceptT e m :: Type -> Type) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

type Rep1 (ExceptT e m :: Type -> Type) = D1 ('MetaData "ExceptT" "Control.Monad.Trans.Except" "transformers-0.6.1.0" 'True) (C1 ('MetaCons "ExceptT" 'PrefixI 'False) (S1 ('MetaSel ('Nothing :: Maybe Symbol) 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) (m :.: Rec1 (Either e))))
type Rep (ExceptT e m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

type Rep (ExceptT e m a) = D1 ('MetaData "ExceptT" "Control.Monad.Trans.Except" "transformers-0.6.1.0" 'True) (C1 ('MetaCons "ExceptT" 'PrefixI 'False) (S1 ('MetaSel ('Nothing :: Maybe Symbol) 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) (Rec0 (m (Either e a)))))

throwE :: forall (m :: Type -> Type) e a. Monad m => e -> ExceptT e m a #

Signal an exception value e.

runExceptT :: ExceptT e m a -> m (Either e a) #

The inverse of ExceptT.

mapExceptT :: (m (Either e a) -> n (Either e' b)) -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e' n b #

Map the unwrapped computation using the given function.

withExceptT :: forall (m :: Type -> Type) e e' a. Functor m => (e -> e') -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e' m a #

Transform any exceptions thrown by the computation using the given function.

catchE #

Arguments

:: forall (m :: Type -> Type) e a e'. Monad m 
=> ExceptT e m a

the inner computation

-> (e -> ExceptT e' m a)

a handler for exceptions in the inner computation

-> ExceptT e' m a 

Handle an exception.

newtype MaybeT (m :: Type -> Type) a #

The parameterizable maybe monad, obtained by composing an arbitrary monad with the Maybe monad.

Computations are actions that may produce a value or exit.

The return function yields a computation that produces that value, while >>= sequences two subcomputations, exiting if either computation does.

Constructors

MaybeT 

Fields

Instances

Instances details
MonadTrans MaybeT 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

lift :: Monad m => m a -> MaybeT m a #

Functor m => Generic1 (MaybeT m :: Type -> Type) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Associated Types

type Rep1 (MaybeT m) :: k -> Type #

Methods

from1 :: forall (a :: k). MaybeT m a -> Rep1 (MaybeT m) a #

to1 :: forall (a :: k). Rep1 (MaybeT m) a -> MaybeT m a #

Monad m => MonadFail (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

fail :: String -> MaybeT m a #

MonadFix m => MonadFix (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

mfix :: (a -> MaybeT m a) -> MaybeT m a #

MonadIO m => MonadIO (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> MaybeT m a #

MonadZip m => MonadZip (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

mzip :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m b -> MaybeT m (a, b) #

mzipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m b -> MaybeT m c #

munzip :: MaybeT m (a, b) -> (MaybeT m a, MaybeT m b) #

Foldable f => Foldable (MaybeT f) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

fold :: Monoid m => MaybeT f m -> m #

foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> MaybeT f a -> m #

foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> MaybeT f a -> m #

foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> MaybeT f a -> b #

foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> MaybeT f a -> b #

foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> MaybeT f a -> b #

foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> MaybeT f a -> b #

foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> MaybeT f a -> a #

foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> MaybeT f a -> a #

toList :: MaybeT f a -> [a] #

null :: MaybeT f a -> Bool #

length :: MaybeT f a -> Int #

elem :: Eq a => a -> MaybeT f a -> Bool #

maximum :: Ord a => MaybeT f a -> a #

minimum :: Ord a => MaybeT f a -> a #

sum :: Num a => MaybeT f a -> a #

product :: Num a => MaybeT f a -> a #

Eq1 m => Eq1 (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

liftEq :: (a -> b -> Bool) -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m b -> Bool #

Ord1 m => Ord1 (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

liftCompare :: (a -> b -> Ordering) -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m b -> Ordering #

Read1 m => Read1 (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

liftReadsPrec :: (Int -> ReadS a) -> ReadS [a] -> Int -> ReadS (MaybeT m a) #

liftReadList :: (Int -> ReadS a) -> ReadS [a] -> ReadS [MaybeT m a] #

liftReadPrec :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec [a] -> ReadPrec (MaybeT m a) #

liftReadListPrec :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec [a] -> ReadPrec [MaybeT m a] #

Show1 m => Show1 (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

liftShowsPrec :: (Int -> a -> ShowS) -> ([a] -> ShowS) -> Int -> MaybeT m a -> ShowS #

liftShowList :: (Int -> a -> ShowS) -> ([a] -> ShowS) -> [MaybeT m a] -> ShowS #

Contravariant m => Contravariant (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

contramap :: (a' -> a) -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a' #

(>$) :: b -> MaybeT m b -> MaybeT m a #

Traversable f => Traversable (MaybeT f) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

traverse :: Applicative f0 => (a -> f0 b) -> MaybeT f a -> f0 (MaybeT f b) #

sequenceA :: Applicative f0 => MaybeT f (f0 a) -> f0 (MaybeT f a) #

mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> MaybeT f a -> m (MaybeT f b) #

sequence :: Monad m => MaybeT f (m a) -> m (MaybeT f a) #

(Functor m, Monad m) => Alternative (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

empty :: MaybeT m a #

(<|>) :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a #

some :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m [a] #

many :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m [a] #

(Functor m, Monad m) => Applicative (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

pure :: a -> MaybeT m a #

(<*>) :: MaybeT m (a -> b) -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m b #

liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m b -> MaybeT m c #

(*>) :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m b -> MaybeT m b #

(<*) :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m b -> MaybeT m a #

Functor m => Functor (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

fmap :: (a -> b) -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m b #

(<$) :: a -> MaybeT m b -> MaybeT m a #

Monad m => Monad (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

(>>=) :: MaybeT m a -> (a -> MaybeT m b) -> MaybeT m b #

(>>) :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m b -> MaybeT m b #

return :: a -> MaybeT m a #

Monad m => MonadPlus (MaybeT m) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

mzero :: MaybeT m a #

mplus :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a #

MonadCatch m => MonadCatch (MaybeT m)

Catches exceptions from the base monad.

Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Catch

Methods

catch :: (HasCallStack, Exception e) => MaybeT m a -> (e -> MaybeT m a) -> MaybeT m a #

MonadMask m => MonadMask (MaybeT m)

Since: exceptions-0.10.0

Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Catch

Methods

mask :: HasCallStack => ((forall a. MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a) -> MaybeT m b) -> MaybeT m b #

uninterruptibleMask :: HasCallStack => ((forall a. MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a) -> MaybeT m b) -> MaybeT m b #

generalBracket :: HasCallStack => MaybeT m a -> (a -> ExitCase b -> MaybeT m c) -> (a -> MaybeT m b) -> MaybeT m (b, c) #

MonadThrow m => MonadThrow (MaybeT m)

Throws exceptions into the base monad.

Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Catch

Methods

throwM :: (HasCallStack, Exception e) => e -> MaybeT m a #

Generic (MaybeT m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Associated Types

type Rep (MaybeT m a) :: Type -> Type #

Methods

from :: MaybeT m a -> Rep (MaybeT m a) x #

to :: Rep (MaybeT m a) x -> MaybeT m a #

(Read1 m, Read a) => Read (MaybeT m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

(Show1 m, Show a) => Show (MaybeT m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

showsPrec :: Int -> MaybeT m a -> ShowS #

show :: MaybeT m a -> String #

showList :: [MaybeT m a] -> ShowS #

(Eq1 m, Eq a) => Eq (MaybeT m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

(==) :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> Bool #

(/=) :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> Bool #

(Ord1 m, Ord a) => Ord (MaybeT m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

compare :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> Ordering #

(<) :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> Bool #

(<=) :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> Bool #

(>) :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> Bool #

(>=) :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> Bool #

max :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a #

min :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a #

type Rep1 (MaybeT m :: Type -> Type) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

type Rep1 (MaybeT m :: Type -> Type) = D1 ('MetaData "MaybeT" "Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe" "transformers-0.6.1.0" 'True) (C1 ('MetaCons "MaybeT" 'PrefixI 'True) (S1 ('MetaSel ('Just "runMaybeT") 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) (m :.: Rec1 Maybe)))
type Rep (MaybeT m a) 
Instance details

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

type Rep (MaybeT m a) = D1 ('MetaData "MaybeT" "Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe" "transformers-0.6.1.0" 'True) (C1 ('MetaCons "MaybeT" 'PrefixI 'True) (S1 ('MetaSel ('Just "runMaybeT") 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) (Rec0 (m (Maybe a)))))

liftCallCC :: CallCC m (Maybe a) (Maybe b) -> CallCC (MaybeT m) a b #

Lift a callCC operation to the new monad.

liftCatch :: Catch e m (Maybe a) -> Catch e (MaybeT m) a #

Lift a catchE operation to the new monad.

liftListen :: Monad m => Listen w m (Maybe a) -> Listen w (MaybeT m) a #

Lift a listen operation to the new monad.

liftPass :: Monad m => Pass w m (Maybe a) -> Pass w (MaybeT m) a #

Lift a pass operation to the new monad.

mapMaybeT :: (m (Maybe a) -> n (Maybe b)) -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT n b #

Transform the computation inside a MaybeT.

either :: (a -> c) -> (b -> c) -> Either a b -> c #

Case analysis for the Either type. If the value is Left a, apply the first function to a; if it is Right b, apply the second function to b.

Examples

Expand

We create two values of type Either String Int, one using the Left constructor and another using the Right constructor. Then we apply "either" the length function (if we have a String) or the "times-two" function (if we have an Int):

>>> let s = Left "foo" :: Either String Int
>>> let n = Right 3 :: Either String Int
>>> either length (*2) s
3
>>> either length (*2) n
6

lefts :: [Either a b] -> [a] #

Extracts from a list of Either all the Left elements. All the Left elements are extracted in order.

Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

>>> let list = [ Left "foo", Right 3, Left "bar", Right 7, Left "baz" ]
>>> lefts list
["foo","bar","baz"]

rights :: [Either a b] -> [b] #

Extracts from a list of Either all the Right elements. All the Right elements are extracted in order.

Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

>>> let list = [ Left "foo", Right 3, Left "bar", Right 7, Left "baz" ]
>>> rights list
[3,7]

partitionEithers :: [Either a b] -> ([a], [b]) #

Partitions a list of Either into two lists. All the Left elements are extracted, in order, to the first component of the output. Similarly the Right elements are extracted to the second component of the output.

Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

>>> let list = [ Left "foo", Right 3, Left "bar", Right 7, Left "baz" ]
>>> partitionEithers list
(["foo","bar","baz"],[3,7])

The pair returned by partitionEithers x should be the same pair as (lefts x, rights x):

>>> let list = [ Left "foo", Right 3, Left "bar", Right 7, Left "baz" ]
>>> partitionEithers list == (lefts list, rights list)
True

maybe :: b -> (a -> b) -> Maybe a -> b #

The maybe function takes a default value, a function, and a Maybe value. If the Maybe value is Nothing, the function returns the default value. Otherwise, it applies the function to the value inside the Just and returns the result.

Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

>>> maybe False odd (Just 3)
True
>>> maybe False odd Nothing
False

Read an integer from a string using readMaybe. If we succeed, return twice the integer; that is, apply (*2) to it. If instead we fail to parse an integer, return 0 by default:

>>> import Text.Read ( readMaybe )
>>> maybe 0 (*2) (readMaybe "5")
10
>>> maybe 0 (*2) (readMaybe "")
0

Apply show to a Maybe Int. If we have Just n, we want to show the underlying Int n. But if we have Nothing, we return the empty string instead of (for example) "Nothing":

>>> maybe "" show (Just 5)
"5"
>>> maybe "" show Nothing
""

isJust :: Maybe a -> Bool #

The isJust function returns True iff its argument is of the form Just _.

Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

>>> isJust (Just 3)
True
>>> isJust (Just ())
True
>>> isJust Nothing
False

Only the outer constructor is taken into consideration:

>>> isJust (Just Nothing)
True

isNothing :: Maybe a -> Bool #

The isNothing function returns True iff its argument is Nothing.

Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

>>> isNothing (Just 3)
False
>>> isNothing (Just ())
False
>>> isNothing Nothing
True

Only the outer constructor is taken into consideration:

>>> isNothing (Just Nothing)
False

fromMaybe :: a -> Maybe a -> a #

The fromMaybe function takes a default value and a Maybe value. If the Maybe is Nothing, it returns the default value; otherwise, it returns the value contained in the Maybe.

Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

>>> fromMaybe "" (Just "Hello, World!")
"Hello, World!"
>>> fromMaybe "" Nothing
""

Read an integer from a string using readMaybe. If we fail to parse an integer, we want to return 0 by default:

>>> import Text.Read ( readMaybe )
>>> fromMaybe 0 (readMaybe "5")
5
>>> fromMaybe 0 (readMaybe "")
0

maybeToList :: Maybe a -> [a] #

The maybeToList function returns an empty list when given Nothing or a singleton list when given Just.

Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

>>> maybeToList (Just 7)
[7]
>>> maybeToList Nothing
[]

One can use maybeToList to avoid pattern matching when combined with a function that (safely) works on lists:

>>> import Text.Read ( readMaybe )
>>> sum $ maybeToList (readMaybe "3")
3
>>> sum $ maybeToList (readMaybe "")
0

listToMaybe :: [a] -> Maybe a #

The listToMaybe function returns Nothing on an empty list or Just a where a is the first element of the list.

Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

>>> listToMaybe []
Nothing
>>> listToMaybe [9]
Just 9
>>> listToMaybe [1,2,3]
Just 1

Composing maybeToList with listToMaybe should be the identity on singleton/empty lists:

>>> maybeToList $ listToMaybe [5]
[5]
>>> maybeToList $ listToMaybe []
[]

But not on lists with more than one element:

>>> maybeToList $ listToMaybe [1,2,3]
[1]

catMaybes :: [Maybe a] -> [a] #

The catMaybes function takes a list of Maybes and returns a list of all the Just values.

Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

>>> catMaybes [Just 1, Nothing, Just 3]
[1,3]

When constructing a list of Maybe values, catMaybes can be used to return all of the "success" results (if the list is the result of a map, then mapMaybe would be more appropriate):

>>> import Text.Read ( readMaybe )
>>> [readMaybe x :: Maybe Int | x <- ["1", "Foo", "3"] ]
[Just 1,Nothing,Just 3]
>>> catMaybes $ [readMaybe x :: Maybe Int | x <- ["1", "Foo", "3"] ]
[1,3]

mapMaybe :: (a -> Maybe b) -> [a] -> [b] #

The mapMaybe function is a version of map which can throw out elements. In particular, the functional argument returns something of type Maybe b. If this is Nothing, no element is added on to the result list. If it is Just b, then b is included in the result list.

Examples

Expand

Using mapMaybe f x is a shortcut for catMaybes $ map f x in most cases:

>>> import Text.Read ( readMaybe )
>>> let readMaybeInt = readMaybe :: String -> Maybe Int
>>> mapMaybe readMaybeInt ["1", "Foo", "3"]
[1,3]
>>> catMaybes $ map readMaybeInt ["1", "Foo", "3"]
[1,3]

If we map the Just constructor, the entire list should be returned:

>>> mapMaybe Just [1,2,3]
[1,2,3]

foldr1May :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> Maybe a Source #

minimumMay :: Ord a => [a] -> Maybe a Source #

maximumMay :: Ord a => [a] -> Maybe a Source #

findJustDef :: a -> (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> a Source #

minimumDef :: Ord a => a -> [a] -> a Source #

New users are recommended to use minimumBound or maximumBound instead.

maximumDef :: Ord a => a -> [a] -> a Source #

New users are recommended to use minimumBound or maximumBound instead.

foldr1Def :: a -> (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> a Source #

tailMay :: [a] -> Maybe [a] Source #

tailMay [] = Nothing
tailMay [1,3,4] = Just [3,4]

tailDef :: [a] -> [a] -> [a] Source #

tailDef [12] [] = [12]
tailDef [12] [1,3,4] = [3,4]

tailSafe :: [a] -> [a] Source #

tailSafe [] = []
tailSafe [1,3,4] = [3,4]

initMay :: [a] -> Maybe [a] Source #

initDef :: [a] -> [a] -> [a] Source #

initSafe :: [a] -> [a] Source #

headMay :: [a] -> Maybe a Source #

lastMay :: [a] -> Maybe a Source #

headDef :: a -> [a] -> a Source #

lastDef :: a -> [a] -> a Source #

foldl1May' :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> Maybe a Source #

fromJustDef :: a -> Maybe a -> a Source #

An alternative name for fromMaybe, to fit the naming scheme of this package. Generally using fromMaybe directly would be considered better style.

atMay :: [a] -> Int -> Maybe a Source #

atDef :: a -> [a] -> Int -> a Source #

readDef :: Read a => a -> String -> a Source #

lookupJustDef :: Eq a => b -> a -> [(a, b)] -> b Source #

foldl1Def' :: a -> (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> a Source #